Sunday, January 26, 2020

The Impacts Of Media On Pakistans Economy Media Essay

The Impacts Of Media On Pakistans Economy Media Essay The reason of choosing this particular topic is to establish the idea that how a countrys internal and external imbalances can be affected by its economy and how a country can face the potential threats while the nation is economically either strong or weak. Why am I choosing the topic? In terms of choosing this particular topic I have personally taken keen interest in the economy of Pakistan along with its political history and have observed a clear change with e involvement of media in the countrys politics, international affairs and economy with in last 2 decades. Historically Pakistan has been an agricultural state with 80% of the countrys population living in rural areas making the agricultural industry as the main source of employment and GDP.But in recent decades a sharp rise in the media industry has turned the direction of economy where even though most of the population still resides in the rural areas, the power of media has increased the influence on its over all economy. As per influence of media is concerned surprisingly it can create a two way influence on a countrys economy. There are observations and facts which have proved that in times of financial or economic crisis a media can play a role of either a life saver or even a fan over the burning flames of the economy. The character of media in particular has motivated myself to see and research the actual impact of media in Pakistans economy as it has been a controversial industry even though its growth seems to be a non stopping phenomena. The idea of researching into this topic is to establish a fact where we can put media into one category or may be not.As in past 2 decades we have send its huge impact on countrys politics and other affairs, I have noticed that it has effected the country in general more then ever before.Its effects on countrys politics are massive and I would like to find out whether these effects actually have been positive or rather have damaged the countrys image internationally where we have seen international media projecting the country as a state which is on its brink to collapse and is struggling to counteract the rising extremism inside the country.; International media has most probably played a key role in damaging the countrys economy with in last 2 decades where it is seen that this country has been named in media in relation to a place where there is all danger for any other country and unfortunately the impression passed over to the world has not been positive. International media has projected this country as a failed state, a dropping down economically not viable place for investment. On the other hand the media inside the country has influenced the countrys economy in a different way where more and more investment is being done to privatize this industry which includes, TV, Radio , news papers and etc. Because of this two way impact from one industry, this has in fact become a very interesting topic to work on trying to find out exactly where the country itself stands in between international and national media. The main purpose of choosing this title. As a student of Finance I would like to highlight the key factors which can shape a countrys economic and political stability. Pakistans economy in particular has been my key interest because of certain reasons including the fact that I was born there and have seen the biggest economic instability swings in last 30 years and the obvious relationship of this situation with the media and politics. In my observation politics in Pakistan itself has been influenced a lot by the existence of media especially with in last 2 decades where we have seen a massive rise in private media industry talking and taking stand against the old fashioned state run media and have given out the message globally that this country has the potential where international organizations can invest in in this country with a sense of freedom of speech and a free to use media for their financial campaigns with out getting influenced by the government. This in fact is a great success of media which has clearly shown the changes in general ranging from more investment to a clear and reliable media which can of course point out any significant change in time and making it possible to use media as a generator of revenue giving out jobs and keeping the country in a race with its neighboring countries as well as globally. The current media revolution sweeping the nation began ten years ago when Pakistan had just one television channel, according to the UKs Prospect Magazine. Today it has over 100. Together they have begun to open up a country long shrouded by political, moral and religious censorship-taking on the government, breaking social taboos and, most recently, pushing a new national consensus against the Taliban. The birth of privately owned commercial media has been enabled by the Musharraf-era deregulation, and funded by the tremendous growth in revenue from advertising targeted at the burgeoning urban middle class consumers. With television presence in over 16 million households accounting for 68% of the population in 2009, the electronic media have also helped inform and empower many rural Pakistanis, including women With an increase of 38% over 2008, the television advertising revenue for 2009 in Pakistan was Rs 16.4 billion ((US $200m), accounting for about half of the total ad market during the year. The TV ad revenue is continuing to rise as a percentage of total ad revenue, mostly at the expense of the print media ads. The biggest spenders in 2009 were the telecom companies with Rs 8 billion, followed closely by fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector with Rs. 7 billion, as reported by Pakistans GeoTV channel According to Daily Times, Chairman Mushtaq Malik of the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has said that the cable television sector is the fast growing segment among the electronic media ventures. In the first 100 days of the current government, he has claimed that new licenses for 16 satellite TV channels, 10 FM radio stations, and 232 cable TV channels have been granted. It is anticipated that this would lead to additional investment worth Rs. 2.5 billion, generating 4000 additional jobs in this sector. The cable television sector alone is employing some 30,000 people in the country. Foreign media, such as the business channel CNBC Pakistan, have also found a niche with the stellar performance and increased viewer and investor interest in Karachi stock exchange in the last decade. The Gallup Pakistan estimates that the number of TV viewers age 10 and above has increased from 63 million in 2004 to 86 million in 2009. Though exact numbers are hard to find, it is estimated that the rapid growth of Pakistans media market over the last decade has attracted significant investment in the range of billions of dollars, and produced hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue. There are 150 advertising agencies and 74 production companies. Given the rising power of the media to shape Pakistani society, public opinion and government policy, I personally experienced the pervasive effects of Pakistans media boom , competing channels catering to almost every niche, whim and tastefrom news, politics, education, health, sports, comedy and talk shows to channels dedicated to cooking, fashion, fitness, music, business, religion, local languages and cultures etc. The media have had a profound influence on how many young people learn, talk, dress and behave, and emulate the outspoken media personalities, various experts, actors, preachers, singers, sportsmen, celebrities and fashion models. The growth in Pakistans media market has resulted in more useful information, more advertising, more competition and more choice for the public. Pakistan finds itself in the midst of many crises, ranging from a deep sense of insecurity and economic stagnation to low levels of human development and insufficient access to basic necessities of life such as proper nutrition, education and health care. My hope is that the mass media will effectively play a responsible role to inform and educate Pakistanis on the fundamental issues of poor governance in Pakistan, and help in shaping the economy, the debate and policies to solve some of the most serious problems facing the nation today. Required sources to complete the research. In order to present all these highlights mentioned above ,in detail I will be using people in general as my main source of information which will include interviews with key figures who are involved in Pakistans media industry as well as individuals from the finance market who have observed the statistics in last 2 decades in terms of rising up and slowing down economy and its interaction with the media in particular. Other sources which will be used will include Newspapers, electronic media and Internet.I will also be using international media reports about the countrys economy compared the national medias reports in same time frame to actually compare and evaluating my main thought whether international media is in any way damaging or constructive to this countrys economy or vice versa.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Police Technology Essay

1. Introduction A gun may be a useful tool to arrest a suspect in a traditional crime scene, but what about a crime committed on the Internet to steal billions of dollars in a few minutes or even confidential information? Will guns be useful in this case? According to Goodman, â€Å"the world isn’t run by weapons anymore, or energy, or money, it’s run by ones and zeros †¦ It’s not about who has the most bullets. Art’s about who controls the information –what we see and hear, how we work, what we think. It’s all about information.† (p.466) With the technological revolution we have nowadays, that changed every aspect of our lives representing new threats and new crimes, police officers should be equipped with new technological tools or techniques to be able to face these new challenges. This paper aims at giving an idea about police technology and how does technology help police officers by defining the term â€Å"police technology†, shading the light on history of police technology, and giving some of the impacts of technology on police work and practice. 2. Definitions To understand exactly how does technology help police officers, this section will define what is meant by both terms â€Å"technology† and â€Å"police technology†. 2.1 Technology The Britannica Concise Encyclopedia defines technology as â€Å"Application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulation the human environment. Technology includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and work more productive. Whereas science is concerned with how and why things happen, technology focuses on making thing happen.† 2.2 Police Technology According to Encyclopedia Britannica the term â€Å"police technology† refers to â€Å"the wide range of scientific and technological methods, techniques, and equipment used in policing.† 3. Police Technology in History and Literature This section will shade the light on the history of police technology since 1840 when officers only had guns and night-light sticks, â€Å"then came technological progress with the invention of the patrol wagon and signal service (which have) effected a revolution in police methods.† (Seaskate, Inc). (See police technology timeline in Table 1) â€Å"The adoption of information technology by police departments in the united States is a relatively recent phenomenon. Before 1987, less than 2% of the 2.200 US police departments with fewer than 100 employees used computers. And as recently as 2003, only 40% of police departments had mobile computer terminals.† (CentrePience) Moving to information technology,   â€Å"only in recent years have many agencies found the use of information technologies significantly helpful. Examples include fingerprinting databases, computerized crime mapping, and records management systems doing everything from inventory property and cataloging evidence to calculating solvability factors.† (Seaskate, Inc) 3.1 The political era (1840-1920) This period witnessed technological advances such as â€Å"telegraph, telephone, police callboxes, Bertillon system of criminal identification† (Seaskate, Inc) and (Stewart, R. W.). â€Å"The advent of fingerprinting in the 1900s and of crime laboratories in the 1920s greatly augmented the police capacity to solve crimes†. (Seaskate, Inc) 3.2 The professional model era or Nationalization of Crime (1920-1970) This period witnessed efforts that tried to â€Å"rid the government of undesirable political influences and create what they deemed professional police departments† (Seaskate, Inc). â€Å"The model was the crime laboratory in Berkeley, California, Police Department then the FBI inaugurated its own laboratory which eventually became recognized as the most comprehensive and technologically advanced forensic laboratory in the world† (Seaskate, Inc). This period â€Å"saw the widespread police adoption of the automobile and the introduction of two-way radios† (Seaskate, Inc). Then, in response to rapidly rising crime rates and urban disorders, the Crime Commission was established in the 1960s (Seaskate, Inc). This period witnessed the nationalization of crime. â€Å"In 1967, the Crime Commission produced a long report that gave recommendations, 11 of them dealing with police technology (Seaskate, Inc). The President’s Crime Commission found that the nation’s criminal justice system suffered from a significant Science and technology gap (Seaskate, Inc). Then came â€Å"the advent of 911 after the commission called for establishment of a single telephone number that Americans could use to call the police† (Seaskate, Inc). The computerization for American policing was a result for the commission’s recommendations and the 911 system (Seaskate, Inc). â€Å"The 911 system became enhanced (E911) when computer got smarter, showing the telephone number, address, and in some cases, the name of the person who owned the number† (Seaskate, Inc). â€Å"One of the most important computer-based innovations in American policing was the advent of National Crime Information Center (NCIC), administered by FBI† (Seaskate, Inc). Computers also were â€Å"essential in the development of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)† (Seaskate, Inc). 3.3 The Community Policing Era or Computerization of American Policing (Since 1970) The introduction of computers into policing corresponded to the beginning of the third and current era in American policing or â€Å"the Community Policing Era† from 1970 up till now (Seaskate, Inc). â€Å"In 1995, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) was created by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994†. (ITI, p.3) With funding provided by COPS and other federal and state grant programs, the use of computers in law enforcement gained widespread acceptance in law enforcement agencies of all sizes. (ITI p.3) 4. The Impact of Technology on Police Work Technology has had its impacts on police work especially since the process of computerization of American policing (Figure1 in the appendices shows trends in technology use by police agencies). According to Davis, J. N., â€Å"the continuing development of computer technology has had critical impacts on law enforcement. Mobile data terminals in police cars, automatic vehicle locator systems, and computer-assisted dispatch are now commonly found in police departments. The use of expert systems and artificial intelligence by police agencies in the United States and Canada is on the increase. Examples can be found in agencies ranging from small rural Alliance, Nebraska to urban Baltimore County, Maryland†. (p.1) This section will show how does technology affect police work either in increasing effectiveness, enhancing officer safety, or assisting law enforcement agencies to meet new challenges of terrorism and cyber crimes. 4.1 Increased Effectiveness Research showed that â€Å"police departments that adopted computers together with IT management/governance practices such as CompStat did experience reduced property and violent crime and significantly increased crime clearance rates (by around 8%). Thus, researchers concluded that computers do increase the effectiveness of police work, but only if police work is substantially reorganized to take advantage of their presence† (CentrePiece, p.2). Also according to ITI, â€Å"Significant technological breakthroughs have resulted in products that have increased their crime solving effectiveness† (P.4). For example â€Å"studies led to the widespread use of night vision gear by today’s police agencies† (ITI, p.4). A technology such as fingerprint reader â€Å"has resulted in the creation of automatic fingerprint identification systems (AFIS)†. (ITI, p.4) â€Å"AFIS has resulted in the clearance of thousands of crimes that would have otherwise gone unsolved†. (ITI, P.4) The â€Å"enhanced† 911 â€Å"allowed dispatchers to see on their computers screen the address and telephone number from which a 911 emergency call originated† (ITI, p.4).   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The miniaturization of body microphones and closed circuit television has benefited law enforcement in a variety of investigative and crime prevention initiatives†. (ITI, P.4) 4.2 Changed the Role of Police and How They Carry Out Their Duties Technology has changed the role of both police officers and law enforcement agencies. â€Å"With the introduction of the Community Oriented Policing model, a dramatic change occurred in how agencies measured their effectiveness†. (ITI, P.3) The previous section showed that COPS was a result for introducing computers into policing.   â€Å"The emphasis on quick response to calls for services and the number of arrests made and crimes cleared was replaced by the reduction of crimes committed†. (ITI, P.3) â€Å"The COPS program promoted the development of close/citizen relationships with a focus on improving the quality of life on a neighborhood-to-neighborhood basis. From this effort grew programs such as neighborhood Policing and Problem Solving Policing† (ITI, P.3). â€Å"For the COPS concept to be successful officers needed timely information about crime patterns and other social problems occurring on their beats†. (ITI, P.3) â€Å"In police practice the possibility to access and use electronic records has opened up a new way of gathering information for police officers. This has created and developed new ways of working for police officers: they can gather more information when involved in operational work as well as when they are present physically at the police station†. (Borglund, E.) 4.3 Improved Record Keeping and Report Writing Computers have led to a key advantage â€Å"improved recordkeeping†. â€Å"Research showed that introducing computers for record-keeping did increase the amount of recorded ‘minor crimes’ such as larceny† (CentrePiece, p.2). According to Davis, J. N., â€Å"police report writing has also evolved with changes in technology, especially the use of lap-top computers. The continued development of new computer technologies will also bring changes in police report writing†. (p.1) 4.4 Enhances Officer Safety â€Å"Significant technological breakthroughs have resulted in products that have improved officer safety† (ITI, P.4). â€Å"Soft body armor has saved hundreds of officers from death or serious injury† (ITI, P.4). â€Å"Information used in conjunction with Computer Aided Dispatch software allowed dispatchers to warn officers of potential dangers and the history of previous calls at locations prior to their arrival†. (ITI, P.4) The use of safe weapons such as â€Å"non-lethal weapons such as the Taser, beanbag shells and pepper mace had been added to the list of force options available to officers in the field† (ITI, p.4). 4.5 Assist Local Law Enforcement Agencies Meet the New Challenges of Terrorism and Cyber Crime According to Reichert, K. â€Å"creative uses of information technology have the potential to increase the capacity and effectiveness of law enforcement in fulfilling its complex mission today. Including increased demands in the post-September 11 World†. (p.4) â€Å"The pace of the use of technology in law enforcement continues to accelerate. New technologies such as the use of DNA for the criminal investigation, the growth of AFIS and Livescan fingerprinting systems, GPS tracking, and reverse-911 software are all computer dependent systems now being more widely used by agencies around the country†. (ITI, p.4) â€Å"New hardware such as Personal Digital Assistance (PDAs) and other wireless devices such as web-enabled cellular telephones are changing the way information is collected and shared†. (ITI, p.4) â€Å"The 911 systems have precipitated the use of computerized mapping and links between 911 systems and computer aided dispatch software† (ITI, p.4). â€Å"Incident-based reporting is being implemented across the country requiring new records management software designed to capture and report crime statistics electronically† (ITI, p.4). â€Å"The 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and the 2001 attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon significantly increased awareness for the need to share information between law enforcement agencies at all levels of government†. (ITI, p.4) â€Å"Antiquated radio systems are being replaced so that multiple agencies can communicate during joint operations and disaster responses. Integration of computer databases is being developed for intelligence gathering and criminal investigation†. (ITI, p.4) â€Å"Detection technology, protection equipment and training are being provided to public safety personnel to meet the challenges of a nuclear, biological or chemical threat as well as an attack using conventional weapons†. (ITI, p.4) â€Å"The use of the Internet for the commission of crimes is increasing at an alarming rate†. (ITI, p.4) â€Å"Thieves, hackers, hate groups, pedophiles, cyberspace stalkers, drug cartels and terrorist groups freely use the Internet to carry out their illegal activities†. (ITI, p.4) The Internet also offers many benefits to law enforcement† (ITI, p.5). â€Å"The ability to share information between agencies and with the public has been greatly enhanced by the use of the internet†.

Friday, January 10, 2020

Organizational Security and Expansion Assessment Essay

As director of security for this company I will ensure a threat and vulnerability assessment to protect the company and remain profitable in business. In preparing to expand my security company in the Middle East and Africa there are several things that I must consider. Some of them are threats, threats of other security companies trying to buy me out, internet hacking, surveillance system, personnel, and how to secure the perimeter when a natural disaster strikes. When it comes to human threats you have to worry about your staff who is working for the company that you are security. What kind of staff do you have? Can they be trusted? Some staff member may use your security system to block up other things that don’t pertain to your security business. By using the computer to look at other sites you are leaving your sites open to other websites that don’t pertain to your job. They may be able to log in to your security system to find out about it. If your staff member don’t do this, they may be asked by a member of the working company staff to do it. They may offer to pay them a lot of money or to do favors to get what they want from the security staff. Secondly, there are threats of other security companies trying to buy you out. They may place a bid to that same company you are trying buy out. Their bid maybe lower company than yours or they may promise better security for the company. They may say that theirs is better because they offer more. Their ways of securing the company from threat than you. Their technology maybe more up to date than yours, with extra features. They may say that not only can they charge you less, but that they can use less people on the staff to get the job done. There is also the threat of other people or companies hacking your security system. There are people who sit at their and keep putting in codes until they can open it, they go in to see what kind of damage they can do your system to hurt your company or representation. Next, you will have to deal with your surveillance system. Is your system strong enough to keep out hackers, threats from other humans or terrorists? How can you keep out these unwanted threats? You have to make sure that your system is able to pick up the smallest thing that may go wrong at that company. Make sure that your security system covers enough of the outer perimeter, as well as enough surveillance to cover the inside of the perimeter. Make sure that there is nothing that may keep your motion sensors from working properly. Be sure the company has adequate amounts of air blowing to keep your system working properly. Let the company know that your security personnel is your 24/7 force, and your video monitoring system and motion detector will be alarm at all times, which will be for business hours, weekends, and holidays. Your security personnel will do routine perimeter checks on the inside, as well as the outside of this company. Finally, another threat of securing a company in the Middle East and Africa is securing the company during natural disasters. By natural disaster I’m referring to floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, and when lightning strikes. Some companies consider fires air quality, and medical outbreaks as a natural disaster. With any kind of natural disaster there is the chance of losing your security system or other important information. Your systems maybe destroyed because no backup power outage, damage to the building structure, equipment, inventory, and other parts of the property. While a fire is considered a natural disaster, they may also be considered an accident. Depending on what type of company you are securing, there may be chemical that can destroy your security system. Fires and combustible chemicals may cause internal damage, injury or death. To be successful when it comes to natural disaster, you should have a plan of approach to counter act these threats. This may also lead to a smooth flow of operations for your security system. In conclusion, there are many threats that you may consider when trying to start a security business in the Middle East and Africa. Some of these threats are natural disaster, your surveillance system, internet hacking, threats by humans, from other security your system and the company in general. A natural disaster can be anything from a tornado, to a flood, a hurricane, or when lightning strikes. A fire is considered both an accident and a natural disaster. Damaging winds may cause damage the company as well as your security system. These natural disasters may also cause harm or damage to the company, injury or death. My surveillance system is equipped for video surveillance and it has motion sensors. These are important when securing a company. With this quality in a surveillance system, I’m able to secure both inner and outer perimeter. Also to help combat the threat of my surveillance system, I will have security personnel on 24/7. My security personnel will work on weekends, business hours, and holidays to secure the company. They will also make inner and outer perimeter checks routinely. Also to combat the surveillance of my security system, my personnel will make routine check of the system. With my security system of the Middle East and Africa, the security personnel will not be allowed to surf the web. If they are caught doing it they will be reprimand, fired, or both. This will keep other internet surfers from hacking into the security system. It will also keep other website users from opening up the company desktop and keep the security system from network infections. The personnel will not be able to share any information with other co-workers or any personnel of the company. Another threat to a security to a security system in the Middle East and Africa is human threat. By human threat I mean internal employees, contract employees, and visitors to the facility. Employees can get hired who may get mad with the owner. Thinking that by selling products or important information about the company they make more money, even get back at the owner. There are also risk of accidents on the job. Human threats can happen with trained and untrained staff members. It may be either intentional or non-intentional. Accidents may cause a great deal of damage and cost to the employer of a company. They can also cost the security system a lot of money. Humans also may cause the threat of bombing a company. Other security companies a threat by under biding you for security of the company. They may offer equipment or security that you don’t have. Sometimes this is helpful to the company and sometimes it is not. No person or persons will have access to the company pass the lobby of the B uilding without an appropriate employees or visitor badge. The badges will be color coded, depending on the level of clearance granted to them. The visitors will require an escort unless they are approved or cleared through security ahead of time. The badges will be programmed to only allow access to those with proper clearance for restricted areas. The employees of my security system will be subject to random searches, drug screenings, and a thorough background investigation check before and after employment. Personnel who bring electronic devices into the facility without prior approval from the security manager will not be allowed. Security personnel will be prohibited from bringing any cell phones, tablets, cameras, flash drives, or any electronic devices that may hurt my security system. I will also monitor my employee’s internet access to combat any type of cyber-attacks. When it comes to my security system I will make sure that only the security manager and the security supervisor will have access to security information. This security information will be kept in a safe place. Only the security manage and the security supervisor will be given the combination to the safe. By understanding what kind of threats your security system may face in Africa or Middle East, I can find ways to better stop this from happening. I may even be able to eliminate others from counteracting them. The company will also implement an employee health and wellness programs. My security system will always keep up with latest antivirus software and will monitor for internal and external cyber- attacks.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

There is No Justification for the Terror in the U.S.S.R....

There is No Justification for the Terror in the U.S.S.R. in the 1930s I agree more with the statement ‘There can be no justification for the â€Å"terror† in the USSR in the 1930’s. It was motivated purely by Stalin’s lust for power.’ However, I can understand why one could say that terror was essential for the survival of the new communist state or Soviet Union. Stalin used terror to force the USSR to industrialise quickly, which enabled them to ward off the threat from fascism and develop into a world power. Source I, written by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987 a few years before communism fell in Russia,†¦show more content†¦Source K partly agrees with Statement B because it states ‘without terror, who would have failed to notice the clear absurdity of Stalin’s rule?’ This shows that terror was necessary for Stalin to remain in power, and I think that Stalin was crucial to the survival of the USSR in these early days because without Stalin as a strong leader there might have been a power struggle, which may have made the USSR more vulnerable when Hitler invaded. Source K states that Stalin needed to use terror to keep the people ‘obedient’ and more importantly to make them ‘believe in him’. It seems that in the end the Source believes he was a ‘ruthless politician’ who was corrupted by power. Source K is reliable because, Adam Ulam, a historian in Britain writes it. It is written in 1974 and, therefore, Ulam has hindsight and large amounts of sources available for him to use. Source J generally agrees with Statement A because it states ‘Stalin was convinced that this (the use of terror and executions) was necessary for the defence of.. the interests of the victory of socialism and communism†¦In this lies the whole tragedy’. This quote shows how Khrushchev believes that the use of terror and executions was a tragedy and not necessarily needed for the survival of the USSR but that Stalin believed itShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesunited Aragon and Castille into the modern country of Spain in 1469. They founded the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 as a branch of the government and appointed Torquemada to be the grand inquisitor. This government agency caused all sorts of official terror, and was generally bad for Europeans, although it brought certain shortterm benefits to the Catholic Church. On the other hand, King Ferdinand and especially Queen Isabella paid for Christopher Columbus’ trip west to find Asia, and this was very